Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. Recent research has highlighted the potential of natural compounds in mitigating AD symptoms. Notably, polysaccharides derived from Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) have demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects.

Mechanisms of Action

Studies have identified that non-saponin fractions rich in polysaccharides (NFP) from KRG can modulate key pathological features of AD. In animal models, NFP administration resulted in:

• Reduction of Amyloid Beta (Aβ) Accumulation: NFP significantly decreased Aβ levels in the brains of AD model mice, suggesting a role in inhibiting plaque formation .

• Attenuation of Tau Pathology: NFP treatment ameliorated tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, crucial factors in neurofibrillary tangle formation 

• Enhancement of Mitochondrial Function: NFP improved mitochondrial deficits, thereby supporting neuronal energy metabolism .

• Promotion of Neurogenesis: An increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis was observed, indicating potential for cognitive function restoration 

Comparative Analysis: Korean vs. American Ginseng

While both Korean and American ginseng possess neuroprotective properties, their phytochemical compositions differ. Korean ginseng is particularly rich in specific polysaccharides that have shown efficacy in modulating AD-related pathologies. In contrast, American ginseng's primary active components are ginsenosides, which, while beneficial, may not target the same mechanisms as effectively as the polysaccharides in Korean ginseng 

Implications for Long-Term Use

The multifaceted actions of KRG polysaccharides suggest potential benefits for long-term use in AD prevention and management. By targeting multiple pathways involved in AD progression, including Aβ accumulation, tau pathology, and mitochondrial dysfunction, KRG polysaccharides may offer a holistic approach to neuroprotection.

Conclusion

Emerging evidence underscores the therapeutic potential of Korean Red Ginseng polysaccharides in combating Alzheimer's disease. Their ability to modulate key pathological features of AD positions them as promising candidates for further research and development in neurodegenerative disease therapeutics.